Wind Energy - Proceedings of the Euromech Colloquium

Wind Energy - Proceedings of the Euromech Colloquium

von: Joachim Peinke, Peter Schaumann, Stephan Barth

Springer-Verlag, 2007

ISBN: 9783540338666

Sprache: Englisch

340 Seiten, Download: 25106 KB

 
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Wind Energy - Proceedings of the Euromech Colloquium



  Preface 5  
  Contents 7  
  List of Contributors 21  
  1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 32  
     1.1 Introduction 32  
     1.2 Offshore Wind Measurements 33  
     1.3 Offshore Meteorology 33  
     1.4 Application to Wind Power Utilization 35  
     1.5 Conclusion 36  
     References 36  
  2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants in Deep and Shallow Water 38  
     2.1 A Concept of Wave Design in Shallow Areas 38  
     2.2 Deep-Water Wave Data 39  
     2.3 Wave Transmission into a Shallow Area Using a Phase- Averaging Model 39  
     2.4 Wave Kinematics 41  
     2.5 Example of Wave Loads 41  
     2.6 Wave Transmission into a Shallow Area Using Boussinesq Models 43  
     2.7 Conclusions 43  
     2.8 Acknowledgements 43  
     References 44  
  3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulated and Measured Wind Turbine Loads Using Constrained Wind Fields 45  
     3.1 Introduction 45  
     3.2 Constrained Stochastic Simulation of Wind Fields 45  
     3.3 Stochastic Wind Fields which Encompass Measured Wind Speed Series 46  
     3.4 Load Calculations Based on Normal and Constrained Wind Field Simulations 48  
     3.5 Comparison between Measured Loads and Calculated Ones Based on Constrained Wind Fields 49  
     3.6 Conclusion 50  
     References 50  
  4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Above the Surface Layer 51  
     4.1 Atmospheric Boundary Layers at Larger Heights 51  
     4.2 Data from Høvsøre Test Site 52  
     4.3 Discussion 54  
     References 55  
  5 Wind Speed Pro.les above the North Sea 56  
     5.1 Theory of Inertially Coupled Wind Profiles (ICWP) 56  
     5.2 Comparison to Observations at Horns Rev and FINO1 58  
     References 60  
  6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow over Complex Terrain for Wind Energy Applications 61  
     6.1 Introduction 61  
     6.2 Experimental Setup 62  
     6.3 Results 63  
     6.4 Conclusions 66  
     References 66  
  7 Models for Computer Simulation of Wind Flow over Sparsely Forested Regions 67  
     7.1 Introduction 67  
     7.2 Mathematical Models 67  
     7.3 Results 68  
     7.4 Conclusions 70  
     References 70  
  8 Power Performance via Nacelle Anemometry on Complex Terrain 71  
     8.1 Introduction and Objectives 71  
     8.2 Experimental Installations 71  
     8.3 Experimental Analysis 71  
     8.4 Numerical Analysis 72  
     8.5 Results and Analysis 72  
     8.6 Conclusion 74  
     References 75  
  9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Around Bluff - Bodies Arrangement 76  
     9.1 Introduction 76  
     9.2 Results of Measurements 77  
     9.3 Conclusions 79  
     References 79  
  10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modelling over Complex Relief 81  
     10.1 Mathematical Model 81  
     10.2 Definition of the Computational Case 83  
     10.3 Conclusion 85  
     References 85  
  11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind Pro.les and Power Law Wind Profiles and their Applicability for Offshore Wind Profiles 86  
     11.1 Wind Profile Laws 86  
     11.2 Comparison of Profile Laws 86  
     11.3 Application to Offshore Wind Profiles 87  
     11.4 Conclusions 89  
     References 89  
  12 Turbulence Modelling and Numerical Flow Simulation of Turbulent Flows 90  
     12.1 Summary 90  
     12.2 Introduction 90  
     12.3 Governing Equations 91  
     12.4 Direct Numerical Simulation 92  
     12.5 Statistical Turbulence Modelling 92  
     12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbulence Modelling 93  
     12.7 Conclusion 95  
     References 95  
  13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbulence and the Dynamics of their Recurrent Times 97  
     13.1 Introduction 97  
     13.2 Scaling and Intermittency of Velocity Fluctuations 98  
     13.3 Gusts for Fixed Time Increments and Their Recurrent Times 98  
     13.4 The Dynamics of Inverse Times: Times Needed for Fluctuations Larger than a Fixed Velocity Threshold 102  
     References 103  
  14 Report on the Research Project OWID – Offshore Wind Design Parameter 104  
     14.1 Summary 104  
     14.2 Relevant Standards and Guidelines 104  
     14.3 Normal Wind Pro.le 105  
     14.4 Normal Turbulence Model 105  
     14.5 Extreme Wind Conditions 107  
     14.6 Outlook 108  
     14.7 Acknowledgement 108  
     References 108  
  15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts and Wakes for Load Calculations 109  
     15.1 Introduction 109  
     15.2 Simulation over Flat Terrain 109  
     15.3 Constrained Gaussian Simulation 111  
     15.4 Wakes 111  
     References 114  
  16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Speeds from Local Measurements 115  
     16.1 Wind Speed Predictions 115  
     16.2 Prediction of Wind Gusts 117  
     References 120  
  17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multifractal Insights and Empirical Evidence 121  
     17.1 Atmospheric Dynamics, Cascades and Statistics 121  
     17.2 Extremes 122  
     17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 125  
     References 125  
  18 Boundary-Layer In.uence on Extreme Events in Stratified Flows over Orography 127  
     18.1 Introduction 127  
     18.2 Experimental Procedure 128  
     18.3 Basic Flow Pattern 128  
     18.4 Downstream Slip Condition 129  
     18.5 Boundary Layer and Wave Field Interaction 130  
     18.6 Concluding Remarks 131  
     References 131  
  19 The Statistical Distribution of Turbulence Driven Velocity Extremes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer – Cartwright/ Longuet-Higgins Revised 132  
     19.1 Introduction 132  
     19.2 Model 133  
     References 135  
  20 Superposition Model for Atmospheric Turbulence 136  
     20.1 Introduction 136  
     20.2 Superposition Model 137  
     20.3 Conclusions and Outlook 139  
     References 139  
  21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequency Wind Speed Variability and Wind Energy Generation 140  
     21.1 Introduction 140  
     21.2 Mathematical Background 141  
     21.3 Results and Conclusions 142  
     21.4 Acknowledgments 143  
     References 143  
  22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling of Turbulent Wind Time Series 144  
     22.1 Introduction 144  
     22.2 Consistent Modelling of Velocity and Dissipation 144  
     22.3 Re.ned Modelling: Stationarity and Skewness 145  
     22.4 Statistics of the Arti.cial Velocity Signal 147  
     References 147  
  23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift and Diffusion Functions from Time Series Data 149  
     23.1 Introduction 149  
     23.2 Direct Estimation of Drift and Diffusion 150  
     23.3 Stability of the Limiting Procedure 151  
     23.4 Finite Length of Time Series 151  
     23.5 Conclusion 152  
     References 153  
  24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric Stratification: A Turbulence/ Wave Wind Model 154  
     24.1 Introduction 154  
     24.2 An Extreme Unlocalized (Wave) Extension 155  
     References 157  
  25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 158  
     25.1 Introduction 158  
     25.2 Test Site 159  
     25.3 PSDs 160  
     25.4 Coherence 161  
     25.5 Conclusion 163  
     References 164  
  26 Network Perspective of Wind-Power Production 165  
     26.1 Introduction 165  
     26.2 Robustness in a Critical-Infrastructure Network Model 165  
     26.3 Two Wind-Power Related Model Extensions 169  
     26.4 Outlook 170  
     References 170  
  27 Phenomenological Response Theory to Predict Power Output 171  
     27.1 Introduction 171  
     27.2 Power Curve from Measurement Data 172  
     27.3 Relaxation Model 174  
     27.4 Discussion and Conclusion 175  
     References 176  
  28 Turbulence Correction for Power Curves 177  
     28.1 Introduction 177  
     28.2 Turbulence and Its Impact on Power Curves 178  
     28.3 Results 179  
     28.4 Conclusion 180  
     References 180  
  29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Power for Performance Surveillance and Optimization 181  
     29.1 Wind Turbine Power Modeling Approach 181  
     29.2 Measurements and Simulation 182  
     29.3 Results 183  
     References 184  
  30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estimation 185  
     30.1 Introduction 185  
     30.2 Wind Climate of Hungary 185  
     30.3 The Uncertainty of the Power Law Wind Pro.le Estimation 187  
     30.4 Inter-Annual Variability of Wind Energy 187  
     30.5 Conclusion 188  
     References 188  
  31 Characterisation of the Power Curve for Wind Turbines by Stochastic Modelling 190  
     31.1 Introduction 190  
     31.2 Simple Relaxation Model 191  
     31.3 Langevin Method 192  
     31.4 Data Analysis 192  
     31.5 Conclusion and Outlook 193  
     References 194  
  32 Handling Systems Driven by Di.erent Noise Sources: Implications for Power Curve Estimations 195  
     32.1 Power Curve Estimation in a Turbulent Environment 195  
     32.2 Conclusions and Outlook 198  
     References 198  
  33 Experimental Researches of Characteristics of Windrotor Models with Vertical Axis of Rotation 199  
     33.1 Introduction 199  
     33.2 Experimental Installation and Models 200  
     33.3 Performance Characteristics of Windrotor Models 200  
     33.4 Results 202  
  34 Methodical Failure Detection in Grid Connected Wind Parks 203  
     34.1 Problem Description 203  
     34.2 Doubly-fed Induction Generators 203  
     34.3 Measurements 204  
     34.4 Conclusions 206  
     References 206  
  35 Modelling of the Transition Locations on a 30% thick Airfoil with Surface Roughness 207  
     35.1 Introduction 207  
     35.2 Measurements 208  
     35.3 Modelling 208  
     35.4 Results and Discussion 209  
     35.5 Conclusions 211  
     References 212  
  36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emphasis Placed on Dynamic Stall 214  
     36.1 Introduction 214  
     36.2 The Phenomenon Dynamic Stall 215  
     36.3 Numerical and Experimental Results for the Typical Helicopter Airfoil OA209 216  
     36.4 Conclusions 218  
     References 219  
  37 Determination of Angle of Attack (AOA) for Rotating Blades 220  
     37.1 Introduction 220  
     37.2 Determination of Angle of Attack 221  
     37.3 Numerical Results and Comparisons 222  
     37.4 Conclusion 224  
     References 224  
  38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow Around an Airfoil at High Angles of Attack and Low Reynolds Numbers 225  
     38.1 Introduction 225  
     38.2 Test Facility and Setup 225  
     38.3 Experimental Results and Discussions 226  
     38.4 Conclusions 228  
     References 228  
  39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape Optimization of VAWT Blade Profile by Viscous Approach 229  
     39.1 Introduction 229  
     39.2 Physical Model 229  
     39.3 Blade Profile Optimization 230  
     39.4 Numerical Results 231  
     39.5 Conclusion and Prospects 232  
     References 232  
  40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects on a HAWT Blade Airfoil Aerodynamics 234  
     40.1 Introduction 234  
     40.2 Experiment 234  
     40.3 Results and Discussion 235  
     40.4 Conclusion 238  
     References 238  
  41 3D Numerical Simulation and Evaluation of the Air Flow Through Wind Turbine Rotors with Focus on the Hub Area 240  
     41.1 Introduction 240  
     41.2 Method 241  
     41.3 Results 241  
     41.4 Perspective 243  
     References 243  
  42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airfoil Family for Wind Turbines 244  
     42.1 Introduction 244  
     42.2 The Wind Tunnel 244  
     42.3 Results 245  
     42.4 Conclusions 246  
     42.5 Acknowledgements 247  
     References 247  
  43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New Type of Slow-Running VAWT 248  
     43.1 Introduction 248  
     43.2 Description of the Savonius Rotors 249  
     43.3 Description of the Numerical Model 249  
     43.4 Results 250  
     43.5 Conclusion 252  
     References 252  
  44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Stall using Spectral/ hp Method 254  
     44.1 Introduction 254  
     44.2 The Spectral/hp Method 255  
     44.3 The NekTar Code 256  
     44.4 First Results 257  
     44.5 Outlook 257  
     References 257  
  45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind a Wind Turbine 258  
     45.1 Extended Joukowski Model 258  
     45.2 Unsteady Behavior 260  
     45.3 Conclusions 261  
     References 261  
  46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in the Far Wake behind a Wind Turbine 262  
     46.1 Theory: Analysis of the Stability 262  
     46.2 Application of the Analysis 264  
     46.3 Conclusions 264  
     References 265  
  47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities Inside Wind Farms 266  
     47.1 Description of the Model 266  
     47.2 Comparison of the Model with Wake Measurements 267  
     47.3 Conclusion 268  
     References 269  
  48 Numerical Computations of Wind Turbine Wakes 271  
     48.1 Numerical Method 271  
     48.2 Simulation 272  
     References 275  
  49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes with a Porosity Concept 276  
     49.1 Introduction 276  
     49.2 Experimental Set-up 276  
     49.3 Results for Homogeneous Freestream Conditions 277  
     49.4 Results for Shear Freestream Conditions 278  
     49.5 Conclusion 280  
     References 280  
  50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise Generation and Propagation based on an Acoustic Analogy 281  
     50.1 Introduction 281  
     50.2 Problem De.nition 281  
     50.3 Results 282  
     References 284  
  51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Highly Complex Terrain Wind Prediction 285  
     51.1 Introduction 285  
     51.2 Alaiz Test Site 285  
     51.3 Description of the Models 286  
     51.4 Results 286  
     51.5 Conclusions 289  
     References 289  
  52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Joints Based on Local Approaches 290  
     52.1 Introduction 290  
     52.2 Concepts 290  
     52.3 Examples 293  
     52.4 Conclusion 294  
     References 295  
  53 Advances in Offshore Wind Technology 296  
     53.1 Introduction 296  
     53.2 Wind Turbine Technology 296  
     53.3 Substructure Technology 298  
     53.4 Installation Methods 299  
     References 300  
  54 Beneffts of Fatigue Assessment with Local Concepts 302  
     54.1 Introduction 302  
     54.2 Applied Local Concepts 302  
     54.3 Comparison of Fatigue Design for a Tripod 303  
     54.4 Conclusion 305  
     References 305  
  55 Extension of Life Time of Welded Fatigue Loaded Structures 306  
     55.1 Introduction 306  
     55.2 Background 306  
     55.3 Experimental Studies 307  
     55.4 Results 307  
     55.5 Conclusions 309  
     References 309  
  56 Damage Detection on Structures of O.shore Wind Turbines using Multiparameter Eigenvalues 310  
     56.1 Introduction 310  
     56.2 The Multiparameter Eigenvalue Method 310  
     56.3 Validation of the Method 312  
     56.4 Outlook 313  
     References 313  
  57 Influence of the Type and Size of Wind Turbines on Anti- Icing Thermal Power Requirements for Blades 314  
     57.1 Introduction 314  
     57.2 Analysis of the Results 315  
     57.3 Anti-Icing Power as a Function of the Machine Size 315  
     57.4 Anti-Icing Power as a Function of the Machine Type 316  
     57.5 Conclusions 316  
     References 317  
  58 High-cycle Fatigue of “Ultra-High Performance Concrete” and “Grouted Joints” for O.shore Wind Energy Turbines 318  
     58.1 Introduction 318  
     58.2 Ultra-High Performance Concrete 318  
     58.3 Ultra-High Performance Concrete in Grouted Joints 319  
     58.4 Conclusions 320  
     References 321  
  59 A Modular Concept for Integrated Modeling of O . shore WEC Applied to Wave- Structure Coupling 322  
     59.1 Introduction 322  
     59.2 Integrated Modeling 322  
     59.3 Modeling of Wave Loads on the Support Structure Offshore Wind Energy Turbines 325  
     59.4 Future Demands 326  
     References 326  
  60 Solutions of Details Regarding Fatigue and the Use of High-Strength Steels for Towers of Offshore Wind Energy Converters 327  
     60.1 Introduction 327  
     60.2 Fatigue Tests 328  
     60.3 Finite-Element Analyses 329  
     References 332  
  61 On the Influence of Low-Level Jets on Energy Production and Loading of Wind Turbines 333  
     61.1 Introduction 333  
     61.2 Data and Methods 333  
     61.3 Results 334  
     61.4 Conclusions 335  
     References 336  
  62 Reliability of Wind Turbines 337  
     62.1 Introduction 337  
     62.2 Data Basis 337  
     62.3 Break Down of Wind Turbines 338  
     62.4 Malfunctions of Components 339  
     62.5 Conclusion 340  
     References 340  

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