English for Academic Research: Writing Exercises
von: Adrian Wallwork
Springer-Verlag, 2012
ISBN: 9781461442981
Sprache: Englisch
190 Seiten, Download: 986 KB
Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
geeignet für:
| Preface | 6 | ||
| Contents | 12 | ||
| Section 1:: Punctuation and spelling | 18 | ||
| 1.1 commas: reducing number of | 19 | ||
| 1.2 commas: adding | 20 | ||
| 1.3 semicolons: replacing | 21 | ||
| 1.4 brackets: removing | 22 | ||
| 1.5 hyphens: adding | 23 | ||
| 1.6 hyphens: deciding where needed | 24 | ||
| 1.7 initial capitalization: in titles | 25 | ||
| 1.8 initial capitalization: in main text | 26 | ||
| 1.9 various punctuation issues: 1 | 27 | ||
| 1.10 various punctuation issues: 2 | 28 | ||
| 1.11 spelling | 29 | ||
| Section 2:: Word order | 30 | ||
| 2.1 choosing the best subject to put at the beginning of the phrase | 31 | ||
| 2.2 putting the key words rst | 33 | ||
| 2.3 avoiding beginning the sentence with it is : 1 | 34 | ||
| 2.4 avoiding beginning the sentence with it is : 2 | 35 | ||
| 2.5 choosing the best word order to help the reader: 1 | 36 | ||
| 2.6 choosing the best word order to help the reader: 2 | 39 | ||
| 2.7 choosing the best word order to help the reader: 3 | 41 | ||
| 2.8 shifting the parts of the phrase to achieve optimal order: 1 | 42 | ||
| 2.9 shifting the parts of the phrase to achieve optimal order: 2 | 43 | ||
| 2.10 shifting the parts of the phrase to achieve optimal order: 3 | 45 | ||
| 2.11 shifting the parts of the phrase to achieve optimal order: 4 | 46 | ||
| 2.12 reducing the number of commas and parts of the sentence | 47 | ||
| 2.13 putting sentences into the correct order | 48 | ||
| 2.14 typical mistakes | 49 | ||
| Section 3:: Writing short sentences and paragraphs | 50 | ||
| 3.1 dividing up long sentences: 1 | 51 | ||
| 3.2 dividing up long sentences: 2 | 53 | ||
| 3.3 dividing up long paragraphs 1 | 55 | ||
| 3.4 dividing up long paragraphs 2 | 57 | ||
| 3.5 dividing up long paragraphs 3 | 59 | ||
| 3.6 dividing up long paragraphs 4 | 60 | ||
| 3.7 putting paragraphs into their most logical order | 62 | ||
| 3.8 writing short sentences: 1 | 63 | ||
| 3.9 writing short sentences: 2 | 63 | ||
| 3.10 writing short sentences: 3 | 63 | ||
| Section 4:: Link words: connecting phrases and sentences together | 64 | ||
| 4.1 linking sentences and paragraphs | 65 | ||
| 4.2 deleting unnecessary link words | 66 | ||
| 4.3 deciding when link words are necessary | 67 | ||
| 4.4 choosing best link word | 68 | ||
| 4.5 reducing the length of link words / phrases | 69 | ||
| 4.6 shifting the position of link words expressing consequences | 70 | ||
| 4.7 using link words to give additional neutral information | 71 | ||
| 4.8 using link words to give additional positive information | 72 | ||
| 4.9 using link words to give additional negative information | 73 | ||
| 4.10 making contrasts | 74 | ||
| 4.11 making evaluations | 75 | ||
| 4.12 connecting sentences by repetition of key word or a derivation of the key word | 76 | ||
| 4.13 describing processes | 77 | ||
| 4.14 describing causes | 78 | ||
| 4.15 describing effects and consequences | 78 | ||
| 4.16 making contrasts, concessions, quali cations, reservations, rejections | 79 | ||
| 4.17 outlining solutions to problems | 80 | ||
| 4.18 outlining a time sequence | 82 | ||
| 4.19 explaining gures and tables: making comparisons | 83 | ||
| 4.20 making evaluations and drawing conclusions: 1 | 84 | ||
| 4.21 making evaluations and drawing conclusions: 2 | 84 | ||
| Section 5:: Being concise and removing redundancy | 85 | ||
| 5.1 removing individual redundant words | 86 | ||
| 5.2 removing several redundant words: 1 | 87 | ||
| 5.3 removing several redundant words: 2 | 89 | ||
| 5.4 reducing the word count: titles | 91 | ||
| 5.5 replacing several words with one preposition or adverb | 92 | ||
| 5.6 replacing several words with one adverb | 93 | ||
| 5.7 replacing several words with one word | 94 | ||
| 5.8 replacing a verb + noun construction with a single verb: 1 | 95 | ||
| 5.9 identifying verb and noun clauses | 96 | ||
| 5.10 replacing a verb + noun construction with a single verb: 2 | 98 | ||
| 5.11 replacing a noun phrase with a verb or can : 1 | 99 | ||
| 5.12 replacing a noun phrase with a verb or can : 2 | 100 | ||
| 5.13 replacing nouns with verbs in titles of papers | 101 | ||
| 5.14 identifying whether link words could be deleted | 102 | ||
| 5.15 deleting unnecessary link words: 1 | 103 | ||
| 5.16 deleting unnecessary link words: 2 | 104 | ||
| 5.17 deleting unnecessary link words: 3 | 105 | ||
| 5.18 unnecessary use of we and one: 1 | 106 | ||
| 5.19 unnecessary use of we and one: 2 | 107 | ||
| 5.20 avoiding redundancy in introductory phrases | 108 | ||
| 5.21 avoiding redundancy in references to gures, tables etc. | 108 | ||
| 5.22 rewriting unnecessarily long sentences: 1 | 109 | ||
| 5.23 rewriting unnecessarily long sentences: 2 | 110 | ||
| 5.24 rewriting unnecessarily long sentences: 3 | 112 | ||
| 5.25 reducing length of an abstract | 113 | ||
| 5.26 reducing length of an introduction | 114 | ||
| 5.27 reducing the length of the outline of the structure | 115 | ||
| 5.28 reducing the length of the review of the literature: 1 | 116 | ||
| 5.29 reducing the length of the review of the literature: 2 | 117 | ||
| 5.30 reducing the length of the materials and methods | 118 | ||
| 5.31 reducing the length of the conclusions section | 118 | ||
| 5.32 reducing the length of the acknowledgements | 119 | ||
| Section 6:: Ambiguity and political correctness | 120 | ||
| 6.1 repetition of words to aid reader’s understanding: 1 | 121 | ||
| 6.2 repetition of words to aid reader’s understanding: 2 | 122 | ||
| 6.3 avoiding ambiguity due to use of - ing form: 1 | 123 | ||
| 6.4 avoiding ambiguity due to use of - ing form: 2 | 124 | ||
| 6.5 disambiguating sentences: 1 | 125 | ||
| 6.6 disambiguating sentences: 2 | 127 | ||
| 6.7 pronouns and political correctness | 128 | ||
| 6.8 non-use of masculine terms for generic situations: 1 | 129 | ||
| 6.9 non-use of masculine terms for generic situations: 2 | 130 | ||
| 6.10 non-use of masculine terms for generic situations: 3 | 130 | ||
| Section 7:: Paraphrasing and avoiding plagiarism | 131 | ||
| 7.1 deciding what is acceptable to cut and paste | 132 | ||
| 7.2 quoting statistics | 133 | ||
| 7.3 paraphrasing by changing the parts of speech | 134 | ||
| 7.4 paraphrasing by changing nouns into verbs | 135 | ||
| 7.5 paraphrasing by changing the parts of speech and word order: 1 | 137 | ||
| 7.6 paraphrasing by changing the parts of speech and word order: 2 | 138 | ||
| 7.7 nding synonyms: verbs 1 | 139 | ||
| 7.8 nding synonyms: verbs 2 | 140 | ||
| 7.9 nding synonyms: verbs 3 | 141 | ||
| 7.10 nding synonyms: nouns 1 | 142 | ||
| 7.11 nding synonyms: nouns 2 | 143 | ||
| 7.12 nding synonyms: adjectives | 144 | ||
| 7.13 nding synonyms: adverbs and prepositions 1 | 145 | ||
| 7.14 nding synonyms: adverbs and prepositions 2 | 146 | ||
| 7.15 paraphrasing by changing word order | 147 | ||
| 7.16 replacing we with the passive form | 148 | ||
| 7.17 making a summary: 1 | 150 | ||
| 7.18 making a summary: 2 | 151 | ||
| 7.19 making a summary: 3 | 152 | ||
| 7.20 making a summary: 4 | 152 | ||
| Section 8:: De ning, comparing, evaluating and highlighting | 153 | ||
| 8.1 writing de nitions 1 | 154 | ||
| 8.2 writing de nitions 2 | 155 | ||
| 8.3 writing de nitions 3 | 155 | ||
| 8.4 making generalizations | 156 | ||
| 8.5 con rming other authors’ evidence | 157 | ||
| 8.6 stating how a nding is important | 158 | ||
| 8.7 highlighting why your method, ndings, results etc. are important | 160 | ||
| 8.8 highlighting your ndings | 161 | ||
| 8.9 comparing the literature | 162 | ||
| 8.10 comparing contrasting views | 165 | ||
| 8.11 comparing your methodology with other authors’ methodologies | 166 | ||
| 8.12 comparing data in a table | 167 | ||
| 8.13 questioning current thinking | 168 | ||
| 8.14 evaluating solutions | 169 | ||
| Section 9:: Anticipating possible objections, indicating level of certainty, discussing limitations, hedging, future work | 170 | ||
| 9.1 anticipating objections and alternative views | 171 | ||
| 9.2 indicating level of certainty 1 | 172 | ||
| 9.3 indicating level of certainty 2 | 173 | ||
| 9.4 reducing level of certainty | 174 | ||
| 9.5 discussing the limitations of the current state of the art | 175 | ||
| 9.6 qualifying what you say | 175 | ||
| 9.7 dealing with limitations in your own results: 1 | 176 | ||
| 9.8 dealing with limitations in your own results: 2 | 177 | ||
| 9.9 dealing with limitations in your own results: 3 | 178 | ||
| 9.10 toning down the strength of an af rmation: 1 | 179 | ||
| 9.11 toning down the strength of an af rmation: 2 | 180 | ||
| 9.12 toning down the strength of an af rmation: 3 | 181 | ||
| 9.13 toning down the strength of an af rmation: 4 | 182 | ||
| 9.14 direct versus hedged statements 1 | 183 | ||
| 9.15 direct versus hedged statements 2 | 184 | ||
| 9.16 discussing possible applications and future work | 186 | ||
| Section 10:: Writing each section of a paper | 187 | ||
| 10.1 abstracts | 188 | ||
| 10.2 introductions | 189 | ||
| 10.3 creating variety when outlining the structure of the paper | 189 | ||
| 10.4 outlining the structure of the paper | 190 | ||
| 10.5 survey of the literature | 190 | ||
| 10.6 methodology / experimental | 191 | ||
| 10.7 results | 192 | ||
| 10.8 discussion: 1 | 192 | ||
| 10.9 discussion: 2 | 193 | ||
| 10.10 differentiating between the abstract and the conclusions: 1 | 194 | ||
| 10.11 differentiating between the abstract and the conclusions: 2 | 195 | ||
| 10.12 conclusions: 1 | 196 | ||
| 10.13 conclusions: 2 | 196 | ||
| 10.14 acknowledgements: 1 | 197 | ||
| 10.15 acknowledgements: 2 | 197 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 198 | ||
| About the Author | 198 | ||
| Editing Service for non-native researchers / Mentorship for EAP and EFL teachers | 198 | ||
| Index | 199 |