Wind Energy - Proceedings of the Euromech Colloquium
von: Joachim Peinke, Peter Schaumann, Stephan Barth
Springer-Verlag, 2007
ISBN: 9783540338666
Sprache: Englisch
340 Seiten, Download: 25106 KB
Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
Preface | 5 | ||
Contents | 7 | ||
List of Contributors | 21 | ||
1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology | 32 | ||
1.1 Introduction | 32 | ||
1.2 Offshore Wind Measurements | 33 | ||
1.3 Offshore Meteorology | 33 | ||
1.4 Application to Wind Power Utilization | 35 | ||
1.5 Conclusion | 36 | ||
References | 36 | ||
2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants in Deep and Shallow Water | 38 | ||
2.1 A Concept of Wave Design in Shallow Areas | 38 | ||
2.2 Deep-Water Wave Data | 39 | ||
2.3 Wave Transmission into a Shallow Area Using a Phase- Averaging Model | 39 | ||
2.4 Wave Kinematics | 41 | ||
2.5 Example of Wave Loads | 41 | ||
2.6 Wave Transmission into a Shallow Area Using Boussinesq Models | 43 | ||
2.7 Conclusions | 43 | ||
2.8 Acknowledgements | 43 | ||
References | 44 | ||
3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulated and Measured Wind Turbine Loads Using Constrained Wind Fields | 45 | ||
3.1 Introduction | 45 | ||
3.2 Constrained Stochastic Simulation of Wind Fields | 45 | ||
3.3 Stochastic Wind Fields which Encompass Measured Wind Speed Series | 46 | ||
3.4 Load Calculations Based on Normal and Constrained Wind Field Simulations | 48 | ||
3.5 Comparison between Measured Loads and Calculated Ones Based on Constrained Wind Fields | 49 | ||
3.6 Conclusion | 50 | ||
References | 50 | ||
4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Above the Surface Layer | 51 | ||
4.1 Atmospheric Boundary Layers at Larger Heights | 51 | ||
4.2 Data from Høvsøre Test Site | 52 | ||
4.3 Discussion | 54 | ||
References | 55 | ||
5 Wind Speed Pro.les above the North Sea | 56 | ||
5.1 Theory of Inertially Coupled Wind Profiles (ICWP) | 56 | ||
5.2 Comparison to Observations at Horns Rev and FINO1 | 58 | ||
References | 60 | ||
6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow over Complex Terrain for Wind Energy Applications | 61 | ||
6.1 Introduction | 61 | ||
6.2 Experimental Setup | 62 | ||
6.3 Results | 63 | ||
6.4 Conclusions | 66 | ||
References | 66 | ||
7 Models for Computer Simulation of Wind Flow over Sparsely Forested Regions | 67 | ||
7.1 Introduction | 67 | ||
7.2 Mathematical Models | 67 | ||
7.3 Results | 68 | ||
7.4 Conclusions | 70 | ||
References | 70 | ||
8 Power Performance via Nacelle Anemometry on Complex Terrain | 71 | ||
8.1 Introduction and Objectives | 71 | ||
8.2 Experimental Installations | 71 | ||
8.3 Experimental Analysis | 71 | ||
8.4 Numerical Analysis | 72 | ||
8.5 Results and Analysis | 72 | ||
8.6 Conclusion | 74 | ||
References | 75 | ||
9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Around Bluff - Bodies Arrangement | 76 | ||
9.1 Introduction | 76 | ||
9.2 Results of Measurements | 77 | ||
9.3 Conclusions | 79 | ||
References | 79 | ||
10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modelling over Complex Relief | 81 | ||
10.1 Mathematical Model | 81 | ||
10.2 Definition of the Computational Case | 83 | ||
10.3 Conclusion | 85 | ||
References | 85 | ||
11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind Pro.les and Power Law Wind Profiles and their Applicability for Offshore Wind Profiles | 86 | ||
11.1 Wind Profile Laws | 86 | ||
11.2 Comparison of Profile Laws | 86 | ||
11.3 Application to Offshore Wind Profiles | 87 | ||
11.4 Conclusions | 89 | ||
References | 89 | ||
12 Turbulence Modelling and Numerical Flow Simulation of Turbulent Flows | 90 | ||
12.1 Summary | 90 | ||
12.2 Introduction | 90 | ||
12.3 Governing Equations | 91 | ||
12.4 Direct Numerical Simulation | 92 | ||
12.5 Statistical Turbulence Modelling | 92 | ||
12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbulence Modelling | 93 | ||
12.7 Conclusion | 95 | ||
References | 95 | ||
13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbulence and the Dynamics of their Recurrent Times | 97 | ||
13.1 Introduction | 97 | ||
13.2 Scaling and Intermittency of Velocity Fluctuations | 98 | ||
13.3 Gusts for Fixed Time Increments and Their Recurrent Times | 98 | ||
13.4 The Dynamics of Inverse Times: Times Needed for Fluctuations Larger than a Fixed Velocity Threshold | 102 | ||
References | 103 | ||
14 Report on the Research Project OWID – Offshore Wind Design Parameter | 104 | ||
14.1 Summary | 104 | ||
14.2 Relevant Standards and Guidelines | 104 | ||
14.3 Normal Wind Pro.le | 105 | ||
14.4 Normal Turbulence Model | 105 | ||
14.5 Extreme Wind Conditions | 107 | ||
14.6 Outlook | 108 | ||
14.7 Acknowledgement | 108 | ||
References | 108 | ||
15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts and Wakes for Load Calculations | 109 | ||
15.1 Introduction | 109 | ||
15.2 Simulation over Flat Terrain | 109 | ||
15.3 Constrained Gaussian Simulation | 111 | ||
15.4 Wakes | 111 | ||
References | 114 | ||
16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Speeds from Local Measurements | 115 | ||
16.1 Wind Speed Predictions | 115 | ||
16.2 Prediction of Wind Gusts | 117 | ||
References | 120 | ||
17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multifractal Insights and Empirical Evidence | 121 | ||
17.1 Atmospheric Dynamics, Cascades and Statistics | 121 | ||
17.2 Extremes | 122 | ||
17.3 Discussion and Conclusion | 125 | ||
References | 125 | ||
18 Boundary-Layer In.uence on Extreme Events in Stratified Flows over Orography | 127 | ||
18.1 Introduction | 127 | ||
18.2 Experimental Procedure | 128 | ||
18.3 Basic Flow Pattern | 128 | ||
18.4 Downstream Slip Condition | 129 | ||
18.5 Boundary Layer and Wave Field Interaction | 130 | ||
18.6 Concluding Remarks | 131 | ||
References | 131 | ||
19 The Statistical Distribution of Turbulence Driven Velocity Extremes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer – Cartwright/ Longuet-Higgins Revised | 132 | ||
19.1 Introduction | 132 | ||
19.2 Model | 133 | ||
References | 135 | ||
20 Superposition Model for Atmospheric Turbulence | 136 | ||
20.1 Introduction | 136 | ||
20.2 Superposition Model | 137 | ||
20.3 Conclusions and Outlook | 139 | ||
References | 139 | ||
21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequency Wind Speed Variability and Wind Energy Generation | 140 | ||
21.1 Introduction | 140 | ||
21.2 Mathematical Background | 141 | ||
21.3 Results and Conclusions | 142 | ||
21.4 Acknowledgments | 143 | ||
References | 143 | ||
22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling of Turbulent Wind Time Series | 144 | ||
22.1 Introduction | 144 | ||
22.2 Consistent Modelling of Velocity and Dissipation | 144 | ||
22.3 Re.ned Modelling: Stationarity and Skewness | 145 | ||
22.4 Statistics of the Arti.cial Velocity Signal | 147 | ||
References | 147 | ||
23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift and Diffusion Functions from Time Series Data | 149 | ||
23.1 Introduction | 149 | ||
23.2 Direct Estimation of Drift and Diffusion | 150 | ||
23.3 Stability of the Limiting Procedure | 151 | ||
23.4 Finite Length of Time Series | 151 | ||
23.5 Conclusion | 152 | ||
References | 153 | ||
24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric Stratification: A Turbulence/ Wave Wind Model | 154 | ||
24.1 Introduction | 154 | ||
24.2 An Extreme Unlocalized (Wave) Extension | 155 | ||
References | 157 | ||
25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations | 158 | ||
25.1 Introduction | 158 | ||
25.2 Test Site | 159 | ||
25.3 PSDs | 160 | ||
25.4 Coherence | 161 | ||
25.5 Conclusion | 163 | ||
References | 164 | ||
26 Network Perspective of Wind-Power Production | 165 | ||
26.1 Introduction | 165 | ||
26.2 Robustness in a Critical-Infrastructure Network Model | 165 | ||
26.3 Two Wind-Power Related Model Extensions | 169 | ||
26.4 Outlook | 170 | ||
References | 170 | ||
27 Phenomenological Response Theory to Predict Power Output | 171 | ||
27.1 Introduction | 171 | ||
27.2 Power Curve from Measurement Data | 172 | ||
27.3 Relaxation Model | 174 | ||
27.4 Discussion and Conclusion | 175 | ||
References | 176 | ||
28 Turbulence Correction for Power Curves | 177 | ||
28.1 Introduction | 177 | ||
28.2 Turbulence and Its Impact on Power Curves | 178 | ||
28.3 Results | 179 | ||
28.4 Conclusion | 180 | ||
References | 180 | ||
29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Power for Performance Surveillance and Optimization | 181 | ||
29.1 Wind Turbine Power Modeling Approach | 181 | ||
29.2 Measurements and Simulation | 182 | ||
29.3 Results | 183 | ||
References | 184 | ||
30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estimation | 185 | ||
30.1 Introduction | 185 | ||
30.2 Wind Climate of Hungary | 185 | ||
30.3 The Uncertainty of the Power Law Wind Pro.le Estimation | 187 | ||
30.4 Inter-Annual Variability of Wind Energy | 187 | ||
30.5 Conclusion | 188 | ||
References | 188 | ||
31 Characterisation of the Power Curve for Wind Turbines by Stochastic Modelling | 190 | ||
31.1 Introduction | 190 | ||
31.2 Simple Relaxation Model | 191 | ||
31.3 Langevin Method | 192 | ||
31.4 Data Analysis | 192 | ||
31.5 Conclusion and Outlook | 193 | ||
References | 194 | ||
32 Handling Systems Driven by Di.erent Noise Sources: Implications for Power Curve Estimations | 195 | ||
32.1 Power Curve Estimation in a Turbulent Environment | 195 | ||
32.2 Conclusions and Outlook | 198 | ||
References | 198 | ||
33 Experimental Researches of Characteristics of Windrotor Models with Vertical Axis of Rotation | 199 | ||
33.1 Introduction | 199 | ||
33.2 Experimental Installation and Models | 200 | ||
33.3 Performance Characteristics of Windrotor Models | 200 | ||
33.4 Results | 202 | ||
34 Methodical Failure Detection in Grid Connected Wind Parks | 203 | ||
34.1 Problem Description | 203 | ||
34.2 Doubly-fed Induction Generators | 203 | ||
34.3 Measurements | 204 | ||
34.4 Conclusions | 206 | ||
References | 206 | ||
35 Modelling of the Transition Locations on a 30% thick Airfoil with Surface Roughness | 207 | ||
35.1 Introduction | 207 | ||
35.2 Measurements | 208 | ||
35.3 Modelling | 208 | ||
35.4 Results and Discussion | 209 | ||
35.5 Conclusions | 211 | ||
References | 212 | ||
36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emphasis Placed on Dynamic Stall | 214 | ||
36.1 Introduction | 214 | ||
36.2 The Phenomenon Dynamic Stall | 215 | ||
36.3 Numerical and Experimental Results for the Typical Helicopter Airfoil OA209 | 216 | ||
36.4 Conclusions | 218 | ||
References | 219 | ||
37 Determination of Angle of Attack (AOA) for Rotating Blades | 220 | ||
37.1 Introduction | 220 | ||
37.2 Determination of Angle of Attack | 221 | ||
37.3 Numerical Results and Comparisons | 222 | ||
37.4 Conclusion | 224 | ||
References | 224 | ||
38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow Around an Airfoil at High Angles of Attack and Low Reynolds Numbers | 225 | ||
38.1 Introduction | 225 | ||
38.2 Test Facility and Setup | 225 | ||
38.3 Experimental Results and Discussions | 226 | ||
38.4 Conclusions | 228 | ||
References | 228 | ||
39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape Optimization of VAWT Blade Profile by Viscous Approach | 229 | ||
39.1 Introduction | 229 | ||
39.2 Physical Model | 229 | ||
39.3 Blade Profile Optimization | 230 | ||
39.4 Numerical Results | 231 | ||
39.5 Conclusion and Prospects | 232 | ||
References | 232 | ||
40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects on a HAWT Blade Airfoil Aerodynamics | 234 | ||
40.1 Introduction | 234 | ||
40.2 Experiment | 234 | ||
40.3 Results and Discussion | 235 | ||
40.4 Conclusion | 238 | ||
References | 238 | ||
41 3D Numerical Simulation and Evaluation of the Air Flow Through Wind Turbine Rotors with Focus on the Hub Area | 240 | ||
41.1 Introduction | 240 | ||
41.2 Method | 241 | ||
41.3 Results | 241 | ||
41.4 Perspective | 243 | ||
References | 243 | ||
42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airfoil Family for Wind Turbines | 244 | ||
42.1 Introduction | 244 | ||
42.2 The Wind Tunnel | 244 | ||
42.3 Results | 245 | ||
42.4 Conclusions | 246 | ||
42.5 Acknowledgements | 247 | ||
References | 247 | ||
43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New Type of Slow-Running VAWT | 248 | ||
43.1 Introduction | 248 | ||
43.2 Description of the Savonius Rotors | 249 | ||
43.3 Description of the Numerical Model | 249 | ||
43.4 Results | 250 | ||
43.5 Conclusion | 252 | ||
References | 252 | ||
44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Stall using Spectral/ hp Method | 254 | ||
44.1 Introduction | 254 | ||
44.2 The Spectral/hp Method | 255 | ||
44.3 The NekTar Code | 256 | ||
44.4 First Results | 257 | ||
44.5 Outlook | 257 | ||
References | 257 | ||
45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind a Wind Turbine | 258 | ||
45.1 Extended Joukowski Model | 258 | ||
45.2 Unsteady Behavior | 260 | ||
45.3 Conclusions | 261 | ||
References | 261 | ||
46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in the Far Wake behind a Wind Turbine | 262 | ||
46.1 Theory: Analysis of the Stability | 262 | ||
46.2 Application of the Analysis | 264 | ||
46.3 Conclusions | 264 | ||
References | 265 | ||
47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities Inside Wind Farms | 266 | ||
47.1 Description of the Model | 266 | ||
47.2 Comparison of the Model with Wake Measurements | 267 | ||
47.3 Conclusion | 268 | ||
References | 269 | ||
48 Numerical Computations of Wind Turbine Wakes | 271 | ||
48.1 Numerical Method | 271 | ||
48.2 Simulation | 272 | ||
References | 275 | ||
49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes with a Porosity Concept | 276 | ||
49.1 Introduction | 276 | ||
49.2 Experimental Set-up | 276 | ||
49.3 Results for Homogeneous Freestream Conditions | 277 | ||
49.4 Results for Shear Freestream Conditions | 278 | ||
49.5 Conclusion | 280 | ||
References | 280 | ||
50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise Generation and Propagation based on an Acoustic Analogy | 281 | ||
50.1 Introduction | 281 | ||
50.2 Problem De.nition | 281 | ||
50.3 Results | 282 | ||
References | 284 | ||
51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Highly Complex Terrain Wind Prediction | 285 | ||
51.1 Introduction | 285 | ||
51.2 Alaiz Test Site | 285 | ||
51.3 Description of the Models | 286 | ||
51.4 Results | 286 | ||
51.5 Conclusions | 289 | ||
References | 289 | ||
52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Joints Based on Local Approaches | 290 | ||
52.1 Introduction | 290 | ||
52.2 Concepts | 290 | ||
52.3 Examples | 293 | ||
52.4 Conclusion | 294 | ||
References | 295 | ||
53 Advances in Offshore Wind Technology | 296 | ||
53.1 Introduction | 296 | ||
53.2 Wind Turbine Technology | 296 | ||
53.3 Substructure Technology | 298 | ||
53.4 Installation Methods | 299 | ||
References | 300 | ||
54 Beneffts of Fatigue Assessment with Local Concepts | 302 | ||
54.1 Introduction | 302 | ||
54.2 Applied Local Concepts | 302 | ||
54.3 Comparison of Fatigue Design for a Tripod | 303 | ||
54.4 Conclusion | 305 | ||
References | 305 | ||
55 Extension of Life Time of Welded Fatigue Loaded Structures | 306 | ||
55.1 Introduction | 306 | ||
55.2 Background | 306 | ||
55.3 Experimental Studies | 307 | ||
55.4 Results | 307 | ||
55.5 Conclusions | 309 | ||
References | 309 | ||
56 Damage Detection on Structures of O.shore Wind Turbines using Multiparameter Eigenvalues | 310 | ||
56.1 Introduction | 310 | ||
56.2 The Multiparameter Eigenvalue Method | 310 | ||
56.3 Validation of the Method | 312 | ||
56.4 Outlook | 313 | ||
References | 313 | ||
57 Influence of the Type and Size of Wind Turbines on Anti- Icing Thermal Power Requirements for Blades | 314 | ||
57.1 Introduction | 314 | ||
57.2 Analysis of the Results | 315 | ||
57.3 Anti-Icing Power as a Function of the Machine Size | 315 | ||
57.4 Anti-Icing Power as a Function of the Machine Type | 316 | ||
57.5 Conclusions | 316 | ||
References | 317 | ||
58 High-cycle Fatigue of “Ultra-High Performance Concrete” and “Grouted Joints” for O.shore Wind Energy Turbines | 318 | ||
58.1 Introduction | 318 | ||
58.2 Ultra-High Performance Concrete | 318 | ||
58.3 Ultra-High Performance Concrete in Grouted Joints | 319 | ||
58.4 Conclusions | 320 | ||
References | 321 | ||
59 A Modular Concept for Integrated Modeling of O . shore WEC Applied to Wave- Structure Coupling | 322 | ||
59.1 Introduction | 322 | ||
59.2 Integrated Modeling | 322 | ||
59.3 Modeling of Wave Loads on the Support Structure Offshore Wind Energy Turbines | 325 | ||
59.4 Future Demands | 326 | ||
References | 326 | ||
60 Solutions of Details Regarding Fatigue and the Use of High-Strength Steels for Towers of Offshore Wind Energy Converters | 327 | ||
60.1 Introduction | 327 | ||
60.2 Fatigue Tests | 328 | ||
60.3 Finite-Element Analyses | 329 | ||
References | 332 | ||
61 On the Influence of Low-Level Jets on Energy Production and Loading of Wind Turbines | 333 | ||
61.1 Introduction | 333 | ||
61.2 Data and Methods | 333 | ||
61.3 Results | 334 | ||
61.4 Conclusions | 335 | ||
References | 336 | ||
62 Reliability of Wind Turbines | 337 | ||
62.1 Introduction | 337 | ||
62.2 Data Basis | 337 | ||
62.3 Break Down of Wind Turbines | 338 | ||
62.4 Malfunctions of Components | 339 | ||
62.5 Conclusion | 340 | ||
References | 340 |