Ontology Alignment - Bridging the Semantic Gap
von: Marc Ehrig
Springer-Verlag, 2006
ISBN: 9780387365015
Sprache: Englisch
252 Seiten, Download: 14694 KB
Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
Contents | 6 | ||
List of Figures | 12 | ||
Preface | 16 | ||
Introduction and Overview | 19 | ||
1.1 Motivation | 19 | ||
1.2 Contribution | 21 | ||
1.2.1 Problem Outline | 21 | ||
1.2.2 Solution Pathway | 22 | ||
1.3 Overview | 23 | ||
1.3.1 Structure | 23 | ||
1.3.2 Reader's Guide | 24 | ||
Part I Foundations | 26 | ||
Definitions | 27 | ||
2.1 Ontology | 27 | ||
2.1.1 Ontology Definition | 27 | ||
2.1.2 Semantic Web and Web Ontology Language (OWL) | 30 | ||
2.1.3 Ontology Example | 32 | ||
2.2 Ontology Alignment | 35 | ||
2.2.1 Ontology Alignment Definition | 35 | ||
2.2.2 Ontology Alignment Representation | 36 | ||
2.2.3 Ontology Alignment Example | 37 | ||
2.3 Related Terms | 39 | ||
2.4 Ontology Similarity | 41 | ||
2.4.1 Ontology Similarity Definition | 41 | ||
2.4.2 Similarity Layers | 42 | ||
2.4.3 Specific Similarity Measures | 44 | ||
2.4.4 Similarity in Related Work | 50 | ||
2.4.5 Heuristic Definition | 50 | ||
Scenarios | 52 | ||
3.1 Use Cases | 52 | ||
3.1.1 Alignment Discovery | 53 | ||
3.1.2 Agent Negotiation / Web Service Composition | 53 | ||
3.1.3 Data Integration | 54 | ||
3.1.4 Ontology Evolution / Versloning | 55 | ||
3.1.5 Ontology Merging | 55 | ||
3.1.6 Query and Answer Rewriting / Mapping | 56 | ||
3.2 Requirements | 57 | ||
Related Work | 59 | ||
4.1 Theory of Alignment | 59 | ||
4.1.1 Algebraic Approach | 59 | ||
4.1.2 Information- Flow- based Approach | 60 | ||
4.1.3 Translation Framework | 61 | ||
4.2 Existing Alignment Approaches | 61 | ||
4.2.1 Classification Guidelines for Alignment Approaches | 61 | ||
4.2.2 Ontology Alignment Approaches | 63 | ||
4.2.3 Schema Alignment Approaches | 67 | ||
4.2.4 Global as View / Local as View | 70 | ||
Part II Ontology Alignment Approach | 73 | ||
Process | 74 | ||
5.1 General Process | 74 | ||
5.2 Alignment Approach | 77 | ||
5.2.0 Input | 77 | ||
5.2.1 Feature Engineering | 78 | ||
5.2.2 Search Step Selection | 80 | ||
5.2.3 Similarity Computation | 81 | ||
5.2.5 Interpretation | 85 | ||
5.2.6 Iteration | 87 | ||
5.2.7 Output | 88 | ||
5.3 Process Description of Related Approaches | 89 | ||
5.3.1 PROMPT, Anchor- PROMPT | 89 | ||
5.3.2 GLUE | 91 | ||
5.3.3 OLA | 92 | ||
5.4 Evaluation of Alignment Approach | 94 | ||
5.4.1 Evaluation Scenario | 94 | ||
5.4.2 Evaluation Measures | 95 | ||
5.4.3 Absolute Quality | 101 | ||
5.4.4 Data Sets | 101 | ||
5.4.5 Strategies | 104 | ||
5.4.6 Results | 105 | ||
5.4.7 Discussion and Lessons Learned | 108 | ||
Advanced Methods | 110 | ||
6.1 Efficiency | 110 | ||
6.1.1 Challenge | 110 | ||
6.1.2 Complexity | 111 | ||
6.1.5 Discussion and Lessons Learned | 119 | ||
6.2 Machine Learning | 120 | ||
6.2.1 Challenge | 120 | ||
6.2.2 Machine Learning for Ontology Alignment | 121 | ||
6.2.3 Runtime Alignment | 126 | ||
6.2.4 Explanatory Component of Decision Trees | 127 | ||
6.2.5 Evaluation Scenarios: Training and Test Data Sets | 128 | ||
6.2.6 Discussion and Lessons Learned | 130 | ||
6.3 Active Alignment | 132 | ||
6.3.1 Challenge | 132 | ||
6.3.2 Ontology Alignment with User Interaction | 133 | ||
6.3.3 Evaluation | 134 | ||
6.4 Adaptive Alignment | 137 | ||
6.4.1 Challenge | 137 | ||
6.4.2 Overview | 138 | ||
6.4.3 Create Utility Function | 138 | ||
6.4.4 Derive Requirements for Result Dimensions | 140 | ||
6.4.5 Derive Parameters | 141 | ||
6.4.6 Example | 144 | ||
6.4.7 Evaluation | 145 | ||
6.4.8 Discussion and Lessons Learned | 146 | ||
6.5 Integrated Approach | 148 | ||
6.5.1 Integrating the Individual Approaches | 148 | ||
6.5.2 Summary of Ontology Alignment Approaches | 149 | ||
6.5.3 Evaluation | 149 | ||
6.5.4 Discussion and Lessons Learned | 151 | ||
Part III Implementation and Application | 156 | ||
Tools | 157 | ||
7.1 Basic Infrastructure for Ontology Alignment and Mapping - FOAM | 157 | ||
7.1.1 User Example | 157 | ||
7.1.2 Process Implementation | 158 | ||
7.1.3 Underlying Software | 159 | ||
7.1.4 Availability and Open Usage | 160 | ||
7.1.5 Summary | 161 | ||
7.2 Ontology Mapping Based on Axioms | 161 | ||
7.2.1 Logics and Inferencing | 162 | ||
7.2.2 Formalization of Similarity Rules as Logical Axioms | 163 | ||
7.2.3 Evaluation | 164 | ||
7.3 Integration into Ontology Engineering Platform | 165 | ||
7.3.1 OntoStudio | 165 | ||
7.3.2 OntoMap | 166 | ||
7.3.3 FOAM in OntoMap | 167 | ||
Semantic Web and Peer-to-Peer — SWAP | 168 | ||
8.1 Project Description | 168 | ||
8.1.1 Core Technologies | 169 | ||
8.2 Bibster | 170 | ||
8.2.1 Scenario | 171 | ||
8.2.2 Design | 171 | ||
8.2.3 Ontology Alignment / Duplicate Detection | 174 | ||
8.2.4 Application | 177 | ||
8.3 Xarop | 178 | ||
8.3.1 Scenario | 178 | ||
8.3.2 Design | 180 | ||
8.3.3 Ontology Alignment | 184 | ||
8.3.4 Application | 185 | ||
Semantically Enabled Knowledge Technologies - SEKT | 186 | ||
9.1 Project Description | 186 | ||
9.2 Intelligent Integrated Decision Support for Legal Professionals | 188 | ||
9.2.1 Scenario | 188 | ||
9.2.2 Use Cases | 188 | ||
9.2.3 Design | 189 | ||
9.3 Retrieving and Sharing Knowledge in a Digital Library | 190 | ||
9.3.1 Scenario | 190 | ||
9.3.2 Use Cases | 190 | ||
Part IV Towards Next Generation Semantic Alignment | 193 | ||
Next Steps | 194 | ||
10.1 Generalization | 194 | ||
10.1.1 Situation | 194 | ||
10.1.2 Generalized Process | 195 | ||
10.1.3 Alignment of Petri Nets | 196 | ||
10.1.4 Summary | 200 | ||
10.2 Complex Alignments | 201 | ||
10.2.1 Situation | 201 | ||
10.2.2 Types of Complex Alignments | 202 | ||
10.2.3 Extended Process for Complex Alignments | 203 | ||
10.2.4 Implementation and Discussion | 204 | ||
Future | 205 | ||
11.1 Outlook | 205 | ||
11.2 Limits for Alignment | 207 | ||
11.2.1 Errors | 207 | ||
11.2.2 Points of Mismatch | 208 | ||
11.2.3 Implications | 209 | ||
Conclusion | 211 | ||
12.1 Content Summary | 211 | ||
12.2 Assessment of Contribution | 213 | ||
Part V Appendix | 217 | ||
A Ontologies | 218 | ||
B Complete Evaluation Results | 222 | ||
C FOAM Tool Details | 228 | ||
References | 233 | ||
Index | 250 |