Handbook of Conceptual Modeling - Theory, Practice, and Research Challenges
von: David W. Embley, Bernhard Thalheim
Springer-Verlag, 2012
ISBN: 9783642158650
Sprache: Englisch
597 Seiten, Download: 16481 KB
Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
geeignet für:
| Part I Programming with Conceptual Models | 19 | ||
| 1 Conceptual-Model Programming: A Manifesto | 20 | ||
| David W. Embley, Stephen W. Liddle, and Óscar Pastor | 20 | ||
| 1.1 Preamble | 20 | ||
| 1.2 CMP Articles | 21 | ||
| 1.3 Exposition | 21 | ||
| 1.3.1 Executable Conceptual Models | 21 | ||
| 1.3.2 Conceptual Modeling and CMP | 27 | ||
| Appendage | 30 | ||
| References | 32 | ||
| 2 Model-Driven Software Development | 34 | ||
| Stephen W. Liddle | 34 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 34 | ||
| 2.2 Overview of Model-Driven Approaches | 35 | ||
| 2.3 Modeling | 38 | ||
| 2.4 Software Modeling | 40 | ||
| 2.5 OSM: Making Conceptual Models Formal and Executable | 42 | ||
| 2.6 Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) | 46 | ||
| 2.6.1 MDA Overview | 47 | ||
| 2.6.2 An MDA Manifesto | 49 | ||
| 2.6.3 Executable UML | 51 | ||
| 2.6.4 MDA Readings | 53 | ||
| 2.7 OO-Method | 54 | ||
| 2.8 Model-Driven Web Engineering (MDWE) | 57 | ||
| 2.9 Agile MDD | 60 | ||
| 2.10 Conclusions | 62 | ||
| References | 64 | ||
| Part II Structure Modelling | 72 | ||
| 3 Entity-Relationship Model (Reprinted Historic Data) | 73 | ||
| Peter P.-S. Chen | 73 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 73 | ||
| 3.2 The Entity-Relationship Model | 73 | ||
| 3.2.1 Multilevel Views of Data | 74 | ||
| 3.2.2 Information Concerning Entities and Relationships (Level 1) | 74 | ||
| 3.2.3 Information Structure (Level 2) | 74 | ||
| 3.3 Entity-Relationship Diagram and Inclusion of Semantics in Data Description and Manipulation | 74 | ||
| 3.3.1 System Analysis Using the Entity-Relationship Diagram | 83 | ||
| 3.3.2 An Example of a Database Design and Description | 83 | ||
| 3.3.3 Implications on Data Intergrity | 83 | ||
| 3.3.4 Semantics and Set Operations of Information Retrieval Requests | 83 | ||
| 3.3.5 Semantics and Rules for Insertion, Deletion, and Updating | 83 | ||
| 3.4 Analysis of Other Data Models and Their Derivation from the Entity-Relationship Model | 83 | ||
| 3.4.1 The Relational Model | 89 | ||
| 3.4.2 The Network Model | 89 | ||
| 3.4.3 The Entity Set Model | 89 | ||
| References | 89 | ||
| 4 UML and OCL in Conceptual Modeling | 101 | ||
| Martin Gogolla | 101 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 101 | ||
| 4.2 Basic Conceptual Modeling Features in UML | 102 | ||
| 4.2.1 Class and Object Diagrams | 102 | ||
| 4.2.2 Object Constraint Language | 105 | ||
| 4.3 Advanced Conceptual Schema Elements in UML | 111 | ||
| 4.3.1 Class Diagram Features for Conceptual Schemas | 112 | ||
| 4.3.2 Representation of Standard ER Modeling Concepts | 118 | ||
| 4.4 Employing OCL for Conceptual Schemas | 120 | ||
| 4.4.1 Standard ER Concepts Expressed with OCL | 120 | ||
| 4.4.2 Constraints and Stereotypes | 121 | ||
| 4.4.3 Queries | 124 | ||
| 4.5 Describing Relational Schemas with UML | 125 | ||
| 4.5.1 Relational Schemas | 125 | ||
| 4.5.2 Constraints for Primary and Foreign Keys | 126 | ||
| 4.6 Metamodeling Data Models with UML | 127 | ||
| 4.6.1 Class Diagram | 127 | ||
| 4.6.2 Object Diagrams | 131 | ||
| 4.6.3 Constraints | 132 | ||
| 4.7 Further Related Work | 134 | ||
| 4.8 Conclusions | 135 | ||
| Appendix A: Original ER Diagram from Chen's Paper | 136 | ||
| References | 137 | ||
| 5 Mapping Conceptual Models to Database Schemas | 139 | ||
| David W. Embley and Wai Yin Mok | 139 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 139 | ||
| 5.2 Entity-Relationship Model Mappings | 140 | ||
| 5.2.1 Basic Mappings | 140 | ||
| 5.2.2 Complex Key Attributes | 145 | ||
| 5.2.3 Recursive Relationship Sets and Roles | 147 | ||
| 5.2.4 Weak Entity Sets | 149 | ||
| 5.3 Extended Entity-Relationship Model Mappings | 151 | ||
| 5.3.1 ISA Mappings | 151 | ||
| 5.3.2 Mappings for Complex Attributes | 155 | ||
| 5.3.3 Mappings for Mandatory/Optional Participation | 158 | ||
| 5.4 UML Mappings | 161 | ||
| 5.5 Normal-Form Guarantees | 165 | ||
| 5.5.1 Map – Then Normalize | 167 | ||
| 5.5.2 Normalize – Then Map | 168 | ||
| 5.6 Mappings for Object-Based and XML Databases | 173 | ||
| 5.7 Additional Readings | 178 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| 6 The Enhanced Entity-Relationship Model | 180 | ||
| Bernhard Thalheim | 180 | ||
| 6.1 Database Design | 180 | ||
| 6.1.1 Database Design and Development | 180 | ||
| 6.1.2 Implicit Assumptions and Inherent Constraints of Database Specification Languages | 182 | ||
| 6.1.3 Storage and Representation Alternatives | 183 | ||
| 6.1.4 The Higher-Order Entity-Relationship Model | 185 | ||
| 6.2 Syntax of EER Models | 186 | ||
| 6.2.1 Structuring Specification | 186 | ||
| 6.2.2 Functionality Specification | 197 | ||
| 6.2.3 Views in the Enhanced Entity-Relationship Models | 203 | ||
| 6.2.4 Advanced Views and OLAP Cubes | 205 | ||
| 6.3 Semantics of EER Models | 208 | ||
| 6.3.1 Semantics of Structuring | 208 | ||
| 6.3.2 Semantics of Functionality | 216 | ||
| 6.4 Problems with Modelling and Constraint Specification | 218 | ||
| References | 220 | ||
| Part III Process Modelling | 222 | ||
| 7 Object–Process Methodology for Structure–Behavior Codesign | 223 | ||
| Dov Dori | 223 | ||
| 7.1 The Cognitive Assumptions and OPM's Design | 223 | ||
| 7.1.1 Mayer's Three Cognitive Assumptions | 224 | ||
| 7.1.2 Meeting the Verbal–Visual Challenge | 225 | ||
| 7.1.3 Dual-Channel Processing and the Bimodality of OPM | 225 | ||
| 7.1.4 Limited Capacity and the Refinement Mechanisms of OPM | 228 | ||
| 7.1.5 Active Processing and the Animated Simulation of OPM | 229 | ||
| 7.2 Function, Structure, and Behavior: The Three Major System Aspects | 230 | ||
| 7.2.1 Function vs. Behavior | 232 | ||
| 7.2.2 Ontology | 233 | ||
| 7.3 The OPM Ontology | 234 | ||
| 7.3.1 Entities: Objects, Processes, and Object States | 235 | ||
| 7.4 Existence, Things, and Transformations | 236 | ||
| 7.4.1 Physical and Informatical Objects | 236 | ||
| 7.4.2 Object Defined | 237 | ||
| 7.4.3 Process as a Transformation Metaphor | 237 | ||
| 7.4.4 Process Defined | 238 | ||
| 7.4.5 Cause and Effect | 239 | ||
| 7.5 Syntax vs. Semantics | 240 | ||
| 7.5.1 Objects to Semantics Is Like Nouns to Syntax | 240 | ||
| 7.5.2 Syntactic vs. Semantic Sentence Analysis | 241 | ||
| 7.6 The Process Test | 241 | ||
| 7.6.1 The Preprocess Object Set and Object Involvement | 242 | ||
| 7.6.2 The Postprocess Object Set and Object Transformation | 242 | ||
| 7.6.3 Association with Time | 243 | ||
| 7.6.4 Association with Verb | 244 | ||
| 7.6.5 Boundary Cases of Objects and Processes | 244 | ||
| 7.6.6 Thing Defined | 246 | ||
| 7.6.7 States | 247 | ||
| 7.6.8 Things and States Are Entities, Entities and Links are Elements | 248 | ||
| 7.7 A Reflective Metamodel of OPM Elements | 249 | ||
| 7.7.1 An Initial OPM Reflective Metamodel | 249 | ||
| 7.7.2 The OPM Graphics–Text Equivalence Principle | 250 | ||
| 7.7.3 The Five Basic Thing Attributes | 250 | ||
| 7.8 OPM Links | 252 | ||
| 7.8.1 Structural Links | 252 | ||
| 7.8.2 Procedural Links | 254 | ||
| 7.9 OPM Structure Modeling | 254 | ||
| 7.9.1 Aggregation–Participation | 256 | ||
| 7.9.2 Generalization–Specialization | 257 | ||
| 7.9.3 Exhibition–Characterization | 258 | ||
| 7.9.4 Classification–Instantiation | 258 | ||
| 7.10 OPM Behavior Modeling | 259 | ||
| 7.10.1 Enabling Links | 259 | ||
| 7.10.2 Transforming Links | 261 | ||
| 7.10.3 Control Links | 263 | ||
| 7.11 Complexity Management | 265 | ||
| 7.11.1 The Need for Complexity Management | 266 | ||
| 7.11.2 Middle-Out as the De Facto Architecting Practice | 267 | ||
| 7.11.3 The Completeness-Comprehension Dilemma | 269 | ||
| 7.12 Applications and Standardization of OPM | 269 | ||
| References | 270 | ||
| 8 Business Process Modeling and Workflow Design | 273 | ||
| Horst Pichler and Johann Eder | 273 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 273 | ||
| 8.1.1 Business Process Modeling and Workflow Design | 274 | ||
| 8.1.2 Business Process Modeling Versus Workflow Design | 274 | ||
| 8.1.3 Workflow Characteristics | 275 | ||
| 8.2 An Overview of Process Modeling | 276 | ||
| 8.2.1 Process Perspectives | 276 | ||
| 8.2.2 Process Modeling Techniques | 278 | ||
| 8.2.3 Standardization Efforts | 279 | ||
| 8.3 Modeling Process Perspectives | 280 | ||
| 8.3.1 Control Flow Perspective | 280 | ||
| 8.3.2 Organizational Perspective | 282 | ||
| 8.3.3 Data Perspective | 285 | ||
| 8.4 Detection and Avoidance of Control Flow Errors | 288 | ||
| 8.4.1 Control Flow Errors | 288 | ||
| 8.4.2 Blocked Structures | 289 | ||
| 8.4.3 Sound Processes | 290 | ||
| 8.5 Process Views | 292 | ||
| 8.5.1 Process Graph | 293 | ||
| 8.5.2 Correctness of Process Views | 293 | ||
| 8.5.3 Generation of Process Views by Activity Elimination | 293 | ||
| 8.6 Timed Processes | 294 | ||
| 8.6.1 Modeling the Temporal Perspective | 295 | ||
| 8.6.2 Timed Graph | 296 | ||
| 8.7 Conclusions | 298 | ||
| References | 299 | ||
| 9 BPMN Core Modeling Concepts: Inheritance-Based Execution Semantics | 301 | ||
| Egon Börger, Ove Sörensen | 301 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 301 | ||
| 9.2 Structure of the Class Hierarchy of BPMN 2.0 | 303 | ||
| 9.2.1 Message Flow | 303 | ||
| 9.2.2 Diagram Structure (Sequence Flow) | 303 | ||
| 9.2.3 Flow Nodes | 305 | ||
| 9.3 Gateways | 306 | ||
| 9.3.1 Parallel Gateway (Fork and Join) | 308 | ||
| 9.3.2 Exclusive Gateway (Data-Based Exclusive Decision) | 308 | ||
| 9.3.3 Inclusive Gateway | 309 | ||
| 9.3.4 Event-Based Gateway (Event-Based Exclusive Decision) | 310 | ||
| 9.3.5 Complex Gateway | 313 | ||
| 9.4 Activities | 315 | ||
| 9.4.1 Tasks | 317 | ||
| 9.4.2 Subprocesses | 319 | ||
| 9.4.3 Call Activity | 323 | ||
| 9.4.4 Iterated (Loop) Activities | 323 | ||
| 9.5 Events | 326 | ||
| 9.5.1 Start Events | 327 | ||
| 9.5.2 End Events | 328 | ||
| 9.5.3 Intermediate Events | 330 | ||
| 9.5.4 Boundary Events | 333 | ||
| 9.6 An Example | 334 | ||
| 9.7 Conclusion | 336 | ||
| Appendix | 337 | ||
| 9.7.1 Gateway Behavior | 337 | ||
| 9.7.2 Activity Behavior | 340 | ||
| 9.7.3 Event Behavior | 343 | ||
| References | 346 | ||
| Part IV User Interface Modelling | 347 | ||
| 10 Conceptual Modelling of Interaction | 348 | ||
| Nathalie Aquino, Jean Vanderdonckt, José Ignacio Panach, and Óscar Pastor | 348 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 349 | ||
| 10.2 Related Work | 351 | ||
| 10.3 The Presentation Model of OO-Method | 354 | ||
| 10.3.1 Elementary Patterns | 355 | ||
| 10.3.2 Interaction Units | 356 | ||
| 10.3.3 Hierarchical Action Tree | 359 | ||
| 10.4 Explicitly Distinguishing Abstract and Concrete Interaction Modeling in OO-Method | 360 | ||
| 10.4.1 Abstract Interaction Modeling | 360 | ||
| 10.4.2 Concrete Interaction Modeling: Transformation Templates | 360 | ||
| 10.5 Conclusion | 365 | ||
| References | 369 | ||
| 11 Conceptual Modelling of Application Stories | 372 | ||
| Antje Düsterhöft, Klaus-Dieter Schewe | 372 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 372 | ||
| 11.2 The Conceptual Model of Storyboarding | 373 | ||
| 11.2.1 The Storyboard | 374 | ||
| 11.2.2 Plots | 378 | ||
| 11.3 Pragmatics of Storyboarding | 380 | ||
| 11.3.1 Life Cases | 380 | ||
| 11.3.2 User Modelling | 382 | ||
| 11.3.3 Contexts | 384 | ||
| 11.4 Analysis of Storyboards | 385 | ||
| 11.4.1 Customisation with Respect to Preferences | 385 | ||
| 11.4.2 Deontic Consistency | 387 | ||
| 11.5 Bibliographic Remarks | 388 | ||
| References | 389 | ||
| Part V Special Challenge Area | 391 | ||
| 12 Evolution and Migration of Information Systems | 392 | ||
| Meike Klettke, Bernhard Thalheim | 392 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 393 | ||
| 12.1.1 Information System Modernisation | 393 | ||
| 12.1.2 Models for Information Systems | 393 | ||
| 12.2 Overview of System Modernisations | 395 | ||
| 12.2.1 Fundamental Terms | 395 | ||
| 12.2.2 Migration, Evolution, and Legacy | 396 | ||
| 12.2.3 Evolving Information Systems | 397 | ||
| 12.3 Foundations of Evolution and Migration Transformations | 399 | ||
| 12.3.1 Specification of Information System Models | 399 | ||
| 12.3.2 Model Construction and Combination | 402 | ||
| 12.3.3 Evolving Information Systems | 404 | ||
| 12.3.4 Properties of Evolving Information Systems | 406 | ||
| 12.4 Strategies for Migration | 409 | ||
| 12.4.1 Big Bang | 410 | ||
| 12.4.2 Chicken Little | 413 | ||
| 12.4.3 Butterfly | 416 | ||
| 12.5 Evolution | 420 | ||
| 12.5.1 Evolution on a Small Scale | 420 | ||
| 12.5.2 Wrapper-Based Evolution | 423 | ||
| 12.5.3 Refinement of the Information System Model | 426 | ||
| 12.6 Related Work | 428 | ||
| References | 428 | ||
| 13 Conceptual Geometric Modelling | 431 | ||
| Hui Ma and Klaus-Dieter Schewe | 431 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 431 | ||
| 13.2 Spatial Data Models | 434 | ||
| 13.3 Geometrically Enhanced ER Model (GERM) | 436 | ||
| 13.3.1 Data Types and Nested Attributes | 436 | ||
| 13.3.2 Entity and Relationship Types | 437 | ||
| 13.3.3 Schemata and Instances | 439 | ||
| 13.4 Geometric Types and Algebraic Varieties | 439 | ||
| 13.4.1 Natural Modelling Algebra | 441 | ||
| 13.4.2 Computing with Polyhedra and Surface Representations | 442 | ||
| 13.4.3 The Choice of the Natural Modelling Function | 444 | ||
| 13.5 Key Application Area GIS | 444 | ||
| 13.6 Conclusion | 448 | ||
| References | 449 | ||
| 14 Data Integration | 451 | ||
| Sonia Bergamaschi et al. | 451 | ||
| 14.1 Outcomes and Challenges in Data Integration | 451 | ||
| 14.1.1 Mediator-Based Systems | 455 | ||
| 14.2 The MOMIS Integration Framework | 466 | ||
| 14.2.1 The MOMIS Integration System | 466 | ||
| 14.2.2 Global Schema Generation | 467 | ||
| 14.2.3 Global Schema Refinement | 470 | ||
| 14.2.4 Querying the MOMIS System | 476 | ||
| 14.2.5 New Trends in the MOMIS System | 481 | ||
| 14.3 Conclusions | 482 | ||
| References | 482 | ||
| 15 Conceptual Modeling Foundations for a Web of Knowledge | 487 | ||
| David W. Embley, Stephen W. Liddle and Deryle W. Lonsdale | 487 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 487 | ||
| 15.2 WoK Conceptualization | 489 | ||
| 15.3 WoK Formalization | 494 | ||
| 15.4 WoK Construction | 498 | ||
| 15.4.1 Construction via XML Reverse Engineering | 499 | ||
| 15.4.2 Construction via Nested Table Interpretation | 500 | ||
| 15.4.3 Construction via Semantic Integration | 503 | ||
| 15.4.4 Construction via Form Filling | 510 | ||
| 15.5 WoK Usage | 512 | ||
| 15.5.1 Free-Form Query Processing | 513 | ||
| 15.5.2 Grounded Reasoning Chains | 515 | ||
| 15.5.3 Knowledge Bundles for Research Studies | 518 | ||
| 15.6 Conclusion | 521 | ||
| References | 523 | ||
| 16 A Conceptual Modeling Approach to Improve Human Genome Understanding | 527 | ||
| Óscar Pastor et al. | 527 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction | 527 | ||
| 16.2 Why a Conceptual Model for the Human Genome? | 529 | ||
| 16.3 Models: Explaining the Domain | 531 | ||
| 16.4 Existing Modeling/Ontology-Based Approaches | 537 | ||
| 16.5 Results of Conceptual Modeling | 540 | ||
| 16.6 Problem Statement and Conclusions | 547 | ||
| References | 548 | ||
| 17 The Theory of Conceptual Models, the Theory of Conceptual Modelling and Foundations of Conceptual Modelling | 552 | ||
| Bernhard Thalheim | 552 | ||
| 17.1 Towards a Theory of Conceptual Models and Conceptual Modelling | 552 | ||
| 17.1.1 Artifacts, Concepts and Intentions | 554 | ||
| 17.1.2 Dimensions of Models and Modelling | 556 | ||
| 17.1.3 Postulates of Modelling | 561 | ||
| 17.1.4 Artifacts and Models | 563 | ||
| 17.2 The Theory of Conceptual Models | 564 | ||
| 17.2.1 Conceptual Models and Languages | 564 | ||
| 17.2.2 Concepts and Models | 571 | ||
| 17.2.3 Information Exchange of Stakeholders Based on Models | 573 | ||
| 17.2.4 Mappings Among Models and Originals | 575 | ||
| 17.2.5 Development Phases That Use Models | 579 | ||
| 17.2.6 Properties of the Models-Origin and the Models-Reflections Analogies | 582 | ||
| 17.3 Conclusion | 584 | ||
| References | 585 | ||
| Index | 587 |